Glaucoma: Causes, Detection, and Solutions

Glaucoma is an eye disease that occurs when intraocular pressure increases, which can damage the optic nerve. This rise in pressure is usually due to an issue with the production, evacuation, or drainage of intraocular fluid, known as aqueous humor. Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness in many countries, including Canada.

The exact cause of glaucoma remains unknown. In most cases, the disease results from either excessive fluid production or an obstruction in the eye’s drainage channels. This buildup of fluid increases intraocular pressure, gradually damaging the optic nerve fibers, which are responsible for transmitting visual information to the brain. Other contributing factors may include injuries, infections, or tumors near the eye.

Glaucoma primarily affects the optic nerve, located at the back of the eye, which transmits visual information to the brain. When this nerve is damaged, the quality and amount of visual information decrease, gradually leading to vision loss. While glaucoma can affect anyone, it is more common in older individuals and those with a family history of the disease.

When detected and treated early, glaucoma can generally be controlled, preventing or limiting vision loss. However, if left untreated, glaucoma causes progressive vision loss, initially affecting peripheral vision before advancing to central vision. In severe cases, it can lead to near-total blindness.

Early-stage glaucoma often has no noticeable symptoms, making regular eye exams essential for early detection. Because vision loss from glaucoma is irreversible, early diagnosis and management are crucial.

A comprehensive eye exam, including intraocular pressure measurement, optic nerve evaluation, and peripheral vision testing, is necessary to detect glaucoma.

Glaucoma treatment typically involves prescription eye drops to lower intraocular pressure. In some cases, surgical intervention may be required to improve fluid drainage. While vision loss from glaucoma cannot be reversed, early treatment and regular follow-ups can help preserve remaining vision. Regular screenings are essential, particularly for individuals at higher risk.